The Great Depression and the Life of Italian-Immigrant...

The Great Depression and the Life of Italian-Immigrant Workers Commentary: In order to develop ideas for this paper, I first analyzed the time of the Depression and what Italian Immigrants lives were like typically living in America. Using this background knowledge, I was able to analyze the lifestyles of the working class in each of the stories. Even though the background story of each of the family’s lives differed, they all had a common basis in that they were Italian Immigrant families working a hard lifestyle in order to support the family during economic hardship. I revised this paper by looking to see if my ideas were clearly expressed. I ran into an obstacle of trying to figure out which ideas to express, since the novels†¦show more content†¦Cooking and baking is a central quality of this family’s lifestyle. The narrative goes into great detail and this has to do with a cultural placement. For Giovanni’s family, cooking and eating is a set of cultural rituals and the making of an experience. It is a part of a performance art, not just a consumption product. Another central quality of this family’s lifestyle is essentially work. Puma writes: ‘With Johnny’s help, father and son would finish up by eleven instead of after midnight for the father alone. The next morning Johnny would still be sleepy, and his mother would tickle his toes until he climbed out of bed for breakfast with his sister and brother. By then his father would already be on the subway headed again for the pastry shop Downtown’ (From the Margins 86). This shows that Giovanni’s life centers around work. Giovanni spends most of his time working about six days a week. He is doing this in order to support his family. In another scene when Johnny is making dough, he sees bugs in the flour, and Giovanni also accidentally knocks cigarette ashes into the flour. Giovanni shrugs it off as if it is no big deal. Giovanni is exhausted and he is simply being realistic and just wants to get work done. Puma shows Giovanni’s hard lifestyle when he writes: ‘The physical work, the heat from the ovens†¦the long hours for little pay in those times when most other Sicilians too didn’t earn enough to buy many cakes---when almostShow MoreRelatedSocial Studies Grade 8 : Immigration Research Project1677 Words   |  7 PagesDoolabh May 16, 2016 Social Studies Grade 8 IMMIGRATION RESEARCH PROJECT Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free. This is the quote on the Statue of Liberty, which greets hundreds of immigrants as they come into the United States. Many people have made the long, tiring journey from their home country to ours, and they still do today. People immigrate, but what does the word immigrate even mean? To immigrate is to leave one s countryRead MoreThe Emergence Of Urban America1314 Words   |  6 Pagestransformation o Age of great cities, population boom more than half lived in urban areas by 1920. Distinctive urban culture created by rise of big cities. Heterogeneous population in cities. The prospect of Jobs, wealth, excitement had encouraged many to move into the big cities. New social problems had risen. Poverty, political corruption, quality of life issues. Also the increasing prevalence of segregation America’s Move to Town: Good jobs and social excitement lured workers . Contrast betweenRead MoreThe Poverty Of The United States Essay1385 Words   |  6 Pagesafford to purchase land numerous groups of blacks turned to the system of sharecropping. Sharecropping was a system in which landless workers, often former slaves, farmed land in exchange of supplies and a small percent of the crop (Foner, ch.15, 564). This system only kept African Americans in poverty and could be considered a form of pseudo-slavery, because it put worker in a state of constant debt to the land owner. Many southern states during reconstruction pushed to segregate blacks and limit theirRead MoreThe Immigration Of The United States And Germany840 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction A. What is Immigration? i. Immigration is the act of coming to live permanently in a foreign country. ii. Constantine compares the desire to migrate to an urge , â€Å"People seem to be drawn toward those places which offer a promise of better- ing life, by an urge which is as relent- less as that which impels water in its course.† iii. Before the era of rapid communications and transportation, America encouraged relatively open immigration to settle its empty lands. B. Why Do People Migrate? i.Read MorePhotography: Lewis Hine Essay1261 Words   |  6 Pagestaught the photographic process, it was still being established. This being said, photojournalism was also just evolving as a method to visually communicate information. In an effort to better his photography skills, Hine began to photograph the immigrants of Ellis Island. He was very adamant about social reform and reflected this in his work. Lewis Hine’s captivating photos inspired social change in America for the less fortunate. Hine’s father passed away when he was still a child, forcing himRead MoreThe Treatment Of Immigrant Women Essay1645 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough immigrant women play a big role in America’s society and economy, they have been constantly mistreated and looked down upon throughout history. Not only do they face the burden of the stratifications that their gender entails but they also struggle to adopt the American culture and norms. America was viewed as the land of opportunities and economic prosperity, a perspective that draws in many immigrant women who were willing to leave their families and possessions to come to this foreignRead MoreImpact Of Atlantic Crossing Immigrants On U.s. Education1852 Words   |  8 PagesImpact of Atlantic Crossing Immigrants on U.S. Education From the 19th century to present many immigrants have come to the United States seeking a better life. These immigrants have had a profound impact on the United States. The school system was especially affected by these immigrants and was faced with the difficulty of integrating the influx of immigrants into the educational system. The effects of integrating these immigrants such as the Irish, German and Italian immigrants has had a profound andRead MoreThe Jazz Age was one of the many highlights of the 1920’s before the stock market crash that1300 Words   |  6 PagesThe Jazz Age was one of the many highlights of the 1920’s before the stock market crash that triggered the start of the Great Depression in 1929. Because of the distress that the American soldiers faced during World War 1, many of them returned questioning the true meaning of life. Their solution was to recklessly enjoy their lives since you only live once. A completely new culture bloomed during the de cade through it’s new music, crazy dancing and brand new atmosphere. While the country seemed toRead MoreThe Making of the Multi-Ethnic American City from the 1880s to the 1920s2086 Words   |  9 Pages At the beginning of the twentieth century a Jew immigrant from England, Israel Zangwill, wrote a play entitled The Melting Pot. Its message still holds a tremendous power on the American imagination – the promise that all immigrants can be transformed into Americans, a new alloy forged in a crucible of democracy, freedom and civic responsibility. The term melting pot refers to the idea that societies formed by immigrant cultures, religions, end ethnic groups, will produceRead MoreDocumentary Photography in America1756 Words   |  7 Pagesfor centuries to come. Jacob Riis was one of the first documentary photographers to become directly involved in the American social reform movement. Riis was a New York police reporter whose photos showcased ghastly poverty in the Lower East Side. Immigrant families lived in the slums and usually crammed ten to fifteen people in tenement houses. At the time Riis took these photographs, there was a shocking lack of New York laws regarding housing conditions. The tenements resembled barracks, there was

A Report On The Supermarket Wars - 1211 Words

Business Economics December 12 2014 Abstract The main purpose of this report is to make references to significant microeconomic models, in order to explain the supply, Demand, Market equilibrium, price discrimination, and Opportunity rate as well as making references to important macroeconomic aims which can be described with some examples such as growth, Inflation, Unemployment, GDP, exchange rates and many more, this two business economic topics are very relevant in today’s market as they represent the real-world meaning of the business area. This report will analyze both parties and evaluate any issues happening to date. Paulo Rafael ID: 33511 Introduction The supermarket wars has been increasingly frustrating for consumers as sometimes consumers tend not to know where to get the best deals, as they all advertise the same price and brands, in the UK companies such as Tesco and Asda advertise and sell the same products but also claim to low on prices for the customer satisfaction, but in fact they charge more when it comes to their own brands, looking in the telecommunication sector is clear that with the privatization of the telecommunications industry, the mobile phone industry experiences transformations that enhance the dynamics of competition. The provision of telecommunications services industry in the UK and the world experiences aShow MoreRelatedThe Uk Supermarket Industry, And Analysing The Condition Of The Current Market1189 Words   |  5 Pages1.Introduction This report is about the UK supermarket industry, and analysing the condition of the current market. It will focus on its market structure, barriers to entry and contestable market to analyse if the supermarket industry is an oligopoly market and if it is a contestable market or not. 2.Findings 2,1 Definition of oligopoly To examine if a market is oligopoly market, it has to meet the following conditions: Few firms in an industry Firms under oligopoly market are price setters. Long-runRead MoreA Report On Woolworths And Woolworths1674 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: Australia has many major grocery chains such as Woolworths, Coles, Aldi, Costco and so on. Especially, Woolworths limited as a largest major grocery chains in Australia. The supermarket industry in Australia is duopoly as Woolworths and Coles are occupying more than 70 per cent market share in Australia (Roy Morgan Research 2016). Woolworths has 961 stores around the Australia and the employees of Woolworths are 111000 who support the operation of Woolworths together (Woolworths LimitedRead MoreTma02 Outline Who Are the Winners and Losers in a Consumer Society1284 Words   |  6 PagesThe aim of this essay is to explore who the winners and losers are in a consumer society by looking at how status is affected by choices as a consequence of economic position. The essay also examines how major stakeholders, such as supermarkets and suppliers, impact that judgement and the global environmental consequences. Veblen’s concept of conspicuous consumption (Veblen, 1899) began to outline how the leisure classes demonstrated status through possessions. However, with increasing affluenceRead MoreConsumer Behavior At Christmas Of Portsmouth : Food1540 Words   |  7 PagesThe objective of this report is to find out about the consumer behaviour of food shopping at Christmas in Portsmouth and how much money people spend. Moreover, it will discuss the changes of the traditional food over the years. This report consists of four parts. The literature review is the first part, which summarizes the relevant academic sources related to this report. Then, the next section will discuss the methods that were followed to reach the results of this report. The third section willRead MoreSainsbury s Potential Of Sainsbury1112 Words   |  5 Pages Sainsbury’s Potential Investors Report Group members’ names: Dede, Maya, Sarah, Sibylia 21/02/2015 Contents 1. Executive Summary 2 2. Introduction 3 3. SWOT Analysis 4 4. PESTLE Analysis 5 5. Strategy 6 6. Evaluation List of Reference 7 2. Introduction [99 words] According to the recent news, the Big Four’s market share is decreasing among the other companies. The Big Four consists of Tesco, Sainsbury s, Morrison s and Asda. The main reasons for theirRead MoreBusiness Ethics Are Moral Principles1683 Words   |  7 Pagescontroversies and issues that have arisen from dealing with suppliers: Fair Trade Campaigners and consumers across the UK sought Tesco to prove that banana farmers and workers in less economically developed countries were not suffering as a result of supermarket price wars by sourcing more fair trade bananas. Bananas are the UK’s favourite fruit – on average the UK public spends over  £700 million eating 5 million bananas a year. Unfortunately many banana farmers that supply the UK were struggling to get byRead MoreWhole Foods Market Inc.1231 Words   |  5 Pagesindustry, which report in the US economy under the North American Industry Classification System NAICS 42441, General-line groceries merchants wholesalers, by the time the company started operations in 1980 supermarkets had a history of 51 years. Supermarkets unlike other type of retail is considered truly American in origin, self service grocery stores are traced back to 1912 in Memphis Tennessee, and it was in 1930 when Michael Cullen opened the first store of the King Kullen supermarket chain, it wasRead MoreAnalysis Of Kroger Mcdonald s Supermarket And Baking Company Essay1334 Words   |  6 Pagesunder nearly two dozen banners in 34 states across the country and employs nearly 400,000 associates. The com pany has various store varieties like supermarkets, price-impact warehouse stores, and multi-department stores, with 94 percent of total company sales derived from food stores. Kroger operates three-tier distribution system, the only major supermarket company in the United States to do so. The company also operates 37 food processing and manufacturing facilities where they produce private-labelRead MoreA Report On Woolworths Limited1335 Words   |  6 PagesWoolworths Limited (Woolworths) was founded in 1924 and has strong presence in Australia and New Zealand, headquartered in New South Wales. Woolworths, is a supermarket leader with diverse portfolio of investments in areas such as petrol stations, hotels and general merchandise, Big W. At present, Woolworths has 872 supermarket stores servicing approximately 13 million customers daily with over 111,000 employees (Woolworths Limited 2015). eBay Inc (eBay) is an e-commerce corporation founded in 1995Read MoreThe Uk Supermarket Industry : An Oligopolistic Industry1582 Words   |  7 PagesThe UK supermarket industry resembles an oligopolistic industry, with several characteristics. Oligopolistic markets tend to be characterised by high concentration ratios, barriers to entry and†¦Since the turn of the century, the industry has been scrutinised by both the Office of Fair Trading and has been referred to the Competition Commission on two occasions. (Seely, 2012) Oligopolistic markets tend to have high market concentration ratios. In the UK, there are four primary retailers, noted below

Shampoo Project free essay sample

A positive statement is a statement about what is and that contains no indication of approval or disapproval. Notice that a positive statement can be wrong. The moon is made of green cheese is incorrect, but it is a positive statement because it is a statement about what exists. Positive analysis of economic growth Economic growth is measured as the annual percent change of gross domestic product (GDP). The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Pakistan expanded 3. 67 percent in the fiscal year 2011-12 from the previous year. GDP Growth Rate in Pakistan is reported by the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Historically, from 1952 until 2012, Pakistan GDP Growth Rate averaged 5. 0 Percent reaching an all-time high of 10. 2 Percent in the fiscal year of 1953-54 and a record low of -1. 8 Percent in the fiscal year of 1951-52. Pakistan is one of the poorest and least developed countries in Asia. Pakistan has a growing semi-industrialized economy that relies on manufacturing, agriculture and remittances. We will write a custom essay sample on Shampoo Project or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although since 2005 the GDP has been growing an average 5 percent a year, it is not enough to keep up with fast population growth. The economy of Pakistan is the 27 largest in the world in terms of purchasing power parity (PPP), and 44th largest in terms of nominal GDP. http://www. tradingeconomics. com/pakistan/gdp-growth Agricultural sector contributes about 20. 4 percent to Pakistan GDP. 26. 6 percent is added by industrial sector as was estimated by 2008. 53 percent was received from service sectors during 2008. Poverty reduction is among main issues that have been taken up by government for economic growth of Pakistan in fiscal year (2011-2012. Government has plans to improve roads, dams and power generating plants to create more job opportunity and enhance possibilities of economic growth at Pakistan. For this purpose 541 billion rupees will be spent to accentuate Pakistan economic growth. Central bank of Pakistan has increased discount rate at which it lends to commercial banks by 1. 5 percentage points. This was done to bring down inflation rate in Pakistan. In 2008, total investment was estimated to rise to 22. 4 percent of GDP. Economy of Pakistan showed 5. 4 percent growth in manufacturing, 4. percent growth in large scale manufacturing and 1. 5 percent growth in agriculture sector in 2008. It has been found that there has been a growth of 18. 4 percent in per capita income and 17 percent growth in finance and insurance sector in 2008. Pakistan economic growth is also marked by increase in public debt burden, which rises from 55. 2 percent of GDP to 56 percent . http://www. nber. org/data/#demographic Definition of No rmative analysis Normative statements usually use factual evidence as support, but they are not by themselves factual. Instead, they incorporate the opinions and underlying morals and standards of those people making the statements. Normative analysis refers to the process of making recommendations about what action should be taken or taking a particular viewpoint on a topic Normative analysis of economic growth To increase the economic growth government should plan to improve roads, damn and power generating plan to create job opportunities for people. As more people are employed, the amount of capital increases, education levels increase, the quality of capital changes, or the technology increases, the productive capacity of the economy increases. Therefore, the economy can increase its output giving consumers more disposable income, promoting an increase in consumption spending, and providing resources for business to use for further investment and government to use to provide public goods and services. Taxes should be increased to provide additional funding for public schools. Increase in education usually increase productivity. Skilled workers produce more output than unskilled workers. To achieve better-educated workforce property taxes should be increased to provide more funding for public schools. By this method we can improve our education system. Government is introducing new policies to encourage economic growth in Pakistan. The economy has suffered in the past because of internal political disputes, a fast growing population, mixed levels of foreign investment, and costly, ongoing disputes with neighboring India. The Pakistani government should made economic reforms and medium-term prospects for job creation and poverty reduction. Pakistans economic outlook has taken stagnation. Security concerns stemming from the nations role in the war on terror have created great instability and led to a decline. High birth rates and immigration from nearby countries have contributed to a persistence of poverty. To achieve a higher level of GDP in the future, consumers should limit consumption spending and increase savings, permitting businesses to invest more in capital goods. If resources are invested into building an economy now, future generations will enjoy a higher level of entity to enjoy higher standards of living. Graph of the Comparison between Pakistan and Austria in term of GDP

Plagiarism free essay sample

Plagiarism is when a person uses another person’s work, words, or ideas as if they were using their own. When a person plagiarizes they can simply use a few lines from another person’s creation or just a few quotes without citing a reference. Plagiarism can be as simple as that or more detailed as when someone uses an entire composition and passes it off as his/her own. However when a person plagiarizes they are doing great harm to themselves. Plagiarism comes with consequences that are often severe. Sometimes it is difficult to detect when one plagiarizes. If only a line or two is copied then the person who is examining the work would probably have to be well versed on the topic at hand. Other times the person using the quotes is doing so without knowledge of what he/she is doing. Real cases of plagiarism maybe easier to detect because sometimes a student may use the complete work of a previous student to avoid the difficulties of the assignment. We will write a custom essay sample on Plagiarism Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are often times that authors who have written on the same topic. To make sure that you are not guilty of this crime make sure to due your own research, use quotes, and cite references when one needs to relay important facts you from someone who is scholar on the subject. Someone caught plagiarizing will have a hard time denying the fact when it is proven. A few different things can happen. If you are a student in high school you may get an automatic failure or worse yet a short suspension from your school. A college student could face more serious punishment by being expelled from the college or university they attend. In the professional world plagiarism can lead to terrible press or even loss of a job. Plagiarism is something to avoid when you are given an assignment. By researching and writing your own document you will avoid the harsh repercussions of plagiarism and you might even learn some wonderful things. Bibliography: Name of site: PlagiarismdotORG Website: http://www. plagiarism. org/index. html Author: Plagiarism. org Year Published (copyright): 2012 Plagiarism free essay sample Plagiarism According to The Open University (2008) Inappropriate academic practice (online) their are different degrees of plagiarism ranging from unwitting plagiarism to intentional fraud. Cases vary from relatively minor to serious fraud. Plagiarism is committed when a person uses someone elses work without acknowledging the source it came from. Which can occur when a person lacks confidence in their ability and fails to understand what is being asked of them , all of which demonstrate poor academic practice. Plagiarism is a serious offence that will lead to accusations of cheating, due to lack of understanding, confidence in own ability or time. A person may attempt to obtain the information another way. They may rely on a friend, fellow student or family member to do the work for them, copy the information word for word from a text book from which they are working. Although asking a friend or family member to do the work for them isnt copying text from another source, it is still classed as plagiarism and is also intentional fraud. We will write a custom essay sample on Plagiarism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page All forms of plagiarism stated show a lack of academic integrity due to the fact the nformation provided is similar or identical to the original source. Word Count Question 2. = 171 a) As stated in section 61(1) of The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994. The senior police officer present at the scene can decide if someone is trespassing on the land and take the relevant steps in asking them to leave. b) Section 61(1) of The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 states that if two or more persons are on the land and live there for any length of time they will be asked to leave by or on behalf of the occupier. Reasonable steps will be taken to assure hey leave accordingly. c) Aside from the people present on the land at the time section 61 (l)(a) of The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 declares that if any of the persons trespassing nave caused damage to the land or property use threatening, abusive or insulting behaviour towards the occupier, a member of his family or employs / agent the police office can also direct the persons to leave the land. 1 (l)(b) also confirms that the same applies if those persons have between them six or more vehicles. d) Section 61 (4)(a) of The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 states that it is n offence if a person knowing the instructions given in section 61(1) fails to leave the land in a reasonable timely manner they will be convicted with imprisonment no longer than three months or a fine not exceeding level 4. However it is a possibility that the person could be faced with both. ) Section 61 (4)(b) of The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 States that if a person does not comply with the directions given in 61 (1) and returns back to the land. Having been asked to leave within a period of three months from the day which the senior police officer instructed them to leave they would have committed an ffence and can be convicted to imprisonment or faced with a fine. word count = 321 Question 3. Part V of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 section 61 Subsections (1-4b) deal with Power to remove trespassers on land explaining the following. If the senior police officer present at the scene believes that two or more persons are entering without permission on the land and have the intentions to remain there for any length of time , he will communicate with them and proceed in taking the appropriate steps in asking them to leave. Following this if any of the persons trespassing have caused irrelevant damage to the and or property itself, used verbal or physical behaviours towards the occupier, family member, agent or employee. The senior police officer has the authority to escort them off the land. The same applies if the persons involved have between them six or more vehicles. When being directed off the land they will be expected to remove any vehicles or property they have with them. When the senior police officer at the scene identifies the persons on the land and genuinely believes they were not originally trespassers and intruded unintentionally. He must be convinced that the other conditions highlighted in subsection (1) are acified after those persons became trespassers before he can exert the power deliberated in that subsection. If after knowing that a direction under subsection (1) applies and the person fails to leave the land as soon as reasonably possible or tries to regain entry as an intruder within a 3 month period, starting with the day the senior police office gave the direction. A criminal offence would have been committed and a high possibility to imprisonment for no longer than 3 months or alternatively a fine that will not exceed level 4 on the standard scale. However the person could be liable for both. word count = 298 Plagiarism free essay sample Although agree with Sodden that culture plays a significant role in students learning styles, and perhaps in the way plagiarism is interpreted cross-culturally, would like to argue that culture is not the only influencing actor and should not be seen as solely responsible for plagiarism in students academic work. To support my points, I will first provide examples on how plagiarism is viewed in Vietnam. Then, I will argue that there appear to be several reasons why Western academics may rush to accuse overseas students of plagiarism.Plagiarism is not at all acceptable in Vietnam While Sodden seems to suggest that Asian culture contributes to the act Of plagiarism, I would point out that plagiarism is never allowed or made legitimate by Vietnamese culture or education. For example, even at primary school level, if a pupil copies another pupils ideas to reproduce them in his/ her very basic compositions (such as a description of ones favorite pet), his/ her teachers and classmates will criticize and help that pupil realize that it is unacceptable to copy others ideas for ones assessment purposes. We will write a custom essay sample on Plagiarism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Also, it is not unusual for school teachers to require students found popularizing to write down 100 times the same promise l will never steal others ideas/ writing again. These practices show that plagiarism is viewed as unethical. If the term plagiarism in English is laden with negative and moral connotations Comparison et al. 2004: 172), the Vietnamese terms for plagiarism, dado van and an cap y/van, have the same or even more negative connotations.These two terms clearly and straightforwardly condemn the act of cheating in writing, specifically stealing, robbing, and copying others writing or even making someone else writing ones own by using sophisticated cheating techniques. Although memorizing model essays or famous ideas is common in Vietnam, this is not at all for plagiarism purposes. Showing respect to authority or showing politeness in academic writing does not mean encouraging plagiarism, either.In Vietnam, it is usual to quote Ho Chi Minims famous statements, such as nothing is more precious 76 LET Journal Volume 60/1 Jan aura 2006; DOI: 10. 1093/let/chichi a The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press; all rights reserved. Than independence, and we always acknowledge the source by adding says Uncle Ho. We may not provide the name of the documents, the year of publication and the publishers, but it is acceptable because his famous statements are considered common knowledge.It is this difference in the understanding of what is considered common knowledge in different courses communities and how these communities treat common knowledge, that sometimes leads to misinterpretation of students writing as plagiarism. Reasons for overhasty accusations of plagiarism Stereotypes of Asian students Many academics in the West have a misconception that overseas students always have academic problems, and numerous studies have documented this tendency clearly (Cumulatively 2003; pan Lee Ha 2001). Kiwis, they hold stereotypes about Asian students, among which obedience to authority and lack of critical thinking are the most common (Cumulatively pop. Cit. ). These two stereotypes are even interpreted as cultural characteristics of Asians which legitimate the act of plagiarism in Asian societies. Sodden (AAA) shows this quite clearly, and Lieu (2005) responds to this misleading interpretation convincingly. Insufficient training in academic writing Comparison et al. (pop. Cit. Show that although universities are often very explicit about penalties against plagiarism, they are not aware of the fact that their students are not trained explicitly and sufficiently in how to do citation and referencing in academic writing. Ironically, as these authors demonstrate, while there are obvious assumptions that students need to communicate in the language of the academic discourse community, whether this discourse community has done enough to facilitate students membership is often ignored.My own past experience as a postgraduate student in Australia and that of many of my students (both local and overseas) in Australia strongly support this argument. It seems that those who write curricula and syllabi assume that there is only one way of writing and this way is universal, and we all must know the norms of English academic writing. Thus, little training is even, and students are unreasonably expected to understand and follow strictly the PAP or Harvard sty les with regard to citation and referencing. So is it fair to accuse those who do not know that they plagiarism of plagiarism? Furthermore, to be admitted to a course in English-speaking countries, most overseas students must have a high enough LILT S or T OWE F L score. With LILTS tests, students have to take a written test, in which they have to do two tasks, neither of which involves developing their arguments based on any reading references. Thus, while being prepared for LILT S tests, students are to taught at all about citation and referencing. So is it fair to expect students to know all about citation and referencing straightaway?